ABSTRACT Global advances in reproductive biotechnology have allowed for the transfer of embryos from donor females with high genetic merit to recipients using the cryopreservation technique, which preserves an embryo of excellent quality and viability, thereby achieving a feasible pregnancy rate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and viability of Holstein embryos that have been cryopreserved for more than 40 years under glycerol freezing. The embryos were transferred to the recipient heifers using a non-surgical method. Two 17-month-old Holstein heifers (360 kg live weights) which were clinically healthy and reproductively active were used as the recipients. Two bovine embryos of Grade 1 quality were thawed and evaluated for their morphology. Of the two embryo transfers, one pregnancy was achieved, resulting in the birth of a calf. Therefore, embryos frozen in liquid nitrogen and glycerol as a cryopreservative for more than 40 years maintained their quality and viability to produce a live calf.

RESUMO Os avanços globais em biotecnologia reprodutiva permitiram a transferência de embriões de fêmeas doadoras com alto mérito genético para receptoras, usando-se a técnica de criopreservação, que preserva um embrião de excelente qualidade e viabilidade, alcançando, assim, uma taxa de gravidez viável. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade e a viabilidade de embriões Holstein, criopreservados por mais de 40 anos, sob congelamento de glicerol. Os embriões foram transferidos para as novilhas receptoras, usando-se um método não cirúrgico. Duas novilhas Holstein de 17 meses de idade (360kg de peso vivo), que eram clinicamente saudáveis e reprodutivamente ativas, foram utilizadas como receptoras. Dois embriões bovinos de qualidade Grau 1 foram descongelados e avaliados quanto à sua morfologia. Das duas transferências embrionárias, uma gravidez foi obtida, resultando no nascimento de um bezerro. Portanto, os embriões congelados em nitrogênio líquido e glicerol como criopreservante por mais de 40 anos mantiveram sua qualidade e viabilidade para produzir um bezerro vivo.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the efficacy and parasite resistance of levamisole (LV) and ivermectin (IVM) in beef cattle naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes, as well as the effect on the liveweight gain in a tropical wet region of Oaxaca, Mexico. From November 2019 to January 2020, sixty-six grazing calves were randomly allocated into three groups of twenty-two animals each, treated with LV or IVM or an untreated control group (day 0). Feces were collected 1 day before treatment and 15 days after treatment. The liveweight gain from each animal was recorded at days 0, 15, 30 and 45 post treatment. The LV group presented the highest reduction of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces, followed by the IVM group. Resistance to IVM was detected, although LV resistance was also suspected. The IVM group had significantly higher effective treatment at 93.5%, resulting in an increase (P<0.05) of liveweight gain of 16.1kg, followed by the LV group (92.4%) with 17.1kg, compared to the untreated control group. A significant (P < 0.05) negative correlation was observed between EPG and weight gain for the LV (�� = -0.46) and IVM groups (�� = -0.32). LV and IVM showed a lack of efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes, as well as an adequate capacity for EPG reduction but with IVM resistance and detrimental effects on growth performance in grazing beef cattle.

RESUMO Os nematódeos gastrointestinais do gado de pastoreio causam perdas econômicas substanciais em todo o mundo. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a eficácia e a resistência parasitária do levamisol (LV) e da ivermectina (IVM) em bovinos de corte naturalmente infectados com nematódeos gastrointestinais, bem como o efeito no ganho de peso vivo, em uma região tropical úmida de Oaxaca, México. De novembro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020, 66 bezerros de pasto foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos de 22 animais cada um, tratados com LV ou IVM, ou em um grupo controle sem tratamento (dia 0). As fezes foram coletadas 1 dia antes do tratamento e 15 dias após o tratamento. O ganho de peso vivo de cada animal foi registrado nos dias 0, 15, 30 e 45 pós-tratamento. O grupo do LV apresentou a maior redução de ovos por grama de fezes (EPG), seguido pelo grupo IVM. A resistência à IVM foi detectada, embora também se suspeitasse de resistência ao LV. O grupo IVM teve um tratamento eficaz significativamente maior, com 93,5%, resultando em um aumento (P < 0,05) do ganho de peso vivo de 16,1kg, seguido pelo grupo LV (92,4%), com 17,1kg, em comparação com o grupo controle sem tratamento. Foi observada uma correlação negativa (P < 0,05) entre o EPG e o ganho de peso para os grupos LV (�� = -0,46) e IVM (�� = -0,32). LV e IVM mostraram falta de eficácia contra nematódeos gastrointestinais, assim como uma capacidade adequada de redução de EPG, mas com resistência IVM e efeitos prejudiciais no desempenho de crescimento em gado de corte em pastagem.

ABSTRACT Haemonchus contortus is a gastrointestinal parasite of small ruminants. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the acetonic and ethanolic extracts of the Caesalpinia coriaria fruits legume on the egg eclosion inhibition (EEI) of H. contortus in small ruminants. For this effect, it was evaluated at different concentrations of the extracts (acetonic: 20.0, 10.0, 5.0, 2.5, 1.2 and 0.6 mg / mL), (ethanolic: 6.15, 3.12, 1.56 and 0.78 mg / mL), and methanol 4 % v/v in distilled water as negative control and ivermectin 0.5 % as positive control, were used. The inhibitory effect data were analyzed with a completely randomized design by analysis of variance using the general linear model and the Tukey test (p <0.05); the lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) were estimated by the Probit analysis of the statistical analysis systems (SAS) program. The inhibitory effects of the extracts depended on the concentration, where the inhibitory activity was comparatively similar to the positive control doses of 1.2 mg/mL for the acetonic extract (AE) and 0.78 mg/mL for the ethanolic extract (EE), (p < 0.0001). The LC50 were AE = 0.23 mg/mL and EE = 0.014 mg/mL; LC90 AE = 1.04 mg/mL and EE = 0.14 mg/mL. The results indicate that the EEI of the extracts elaborated with the C. coriaria fruits in acetonic and ethanolic solvent have inhibitory activity against H. contortus eggs eclosion, nevertheless, requires further investigations as antiparasitic for oral use in animals.

RESUMEN Haemonchus contortus es un parasito gastrointestinal de los pequeños rumiantes. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del extracto acetónico y etanólico de frutos de la leguminosa Caesalpinia coriaria sobre la inhibición de la eclosión de huevos (EEI) de H. contortus en pequeños rumiantes. Por éste efecto se evaluó a diferentes concentraciones de los extractos (acetónico: 20.0, 10.0, 5.0, 2.5, 1.2 y 0.6 mg / mL), (etanólico: 6.15, 3.12, 1.56 y 0.78 mg / mL), y metanol al 4 % v/v en agua destilada fue utilizada como control negativo e ivermectina 0.5 % como control positivo. Los datos del efecto inhibidor se analizaron con un diseño completamente al azar mediante análisis de varianza utilizando el modelo lineal general y la prueba de Tukey (p < 0.05); las concentraciones letales (LC50 y LC90) se estimaron mediante el análisis Probit del programa de sistemas de análisis estadístico (SAS). Los efectos inhibitorios de los extractos dependieron de la concentración, donde la actividad inhibitoria fue comparativamente similar al control positivo a las dosis de 1.2 mg/mL para el extracto acetónico (AE) y 0.78 mg/mL para el extracto etanólico (EE), (p < 0.0001). Las LC50 fueron AE = 0.23 mg/mL y EE = 0.014 mg/mL; LC90 AE = 1.04 mg/mL y EE = 0.14 mg/mL. Los resultados indican que la EEI de los extractos elaborados con los frutos de C. coriaria en disolvente acetónico y etanólico tienen actividad inhibitoria contra huevos de H. contortus, sin embargo, requiere de mayores investigaciones como antiparasitario para su uso vía oral en animal.

Abstract: The objective was to know the use and utilization of Crescentia alata tree through the traditional knowledge of producers and housewives in the Municipality of Pungarabato, Guerrero Mexico. 140 surveys were carried out to 70 ranchers and 70 housewives. 100% of the producers know the cirian tree and 91.4% have this tree in their production units (PU), which is characterized by being resistant to fire (52.9%) and trampling (81.4%) and start fruit production between five and six years (44.3%). The greatest benefit in the UP of the tree is the shadow (61.4%), but also brings foliage and fruit for livestock feed (37.1%). The wood is hard (74.3%) and the fruits shell is used for jícaras fabrication (10%), the ornamental use is limited (23.4%). The fruit (100%) is used to treat eight diseases, standing out cough (52.9%) and strokes (51.4%). They are elaborated with the leaves tamales nejos (48.6%) and chocolate with the seeds (7.1%). The number dispersed trees in the prairies and in the live fences was 218 and 224, respectively. Positive correlation was observed between the weight (0.657 g) and the diameter (0.667 cm) of the fruit with the seeds number (P < 0.0001). C. alata is a tree that brings benefits multiple in the PU, being outstanding its use in the herbolaria and in the feeding of humans and animals, reason why it is necessary to promote its conservation and sowing.

Resumen: El objetivo fue conocer el uso y aprovechamiento del árbol de Crescentia alata a través del conocimiento tradicional de los productores y amas de casa en el municipio de Pungarabato, Guerrero México. Se realizaron 140 encuestas a 70 ganaderos y 70 amas de casa. El 100% de los productores conoce el árbol de Cirián y el 91.4% tienen este árbol en sus unidades de producción (UP), que se caracteriza por ser resistente al fuego (52.9%) y al pisoteo (81.4%), e inicia la producción de frutos entre los cinco y seis años (44.3%). El mayor beneficio del árbol en la UP es la sombra (61.4%), pero también aporta follaje y frutos para la alimentación del ganado (37.1%). La madera es dura (74.3%) y con la cáscara del fruto se elaboran jícaras (10%), el uso ornamental es limitado (23.4%). El fruto (100%) se utiliza para tratar ocho enfermedades, sobresaliendo tos (52.9%) y golpes (51.4%). Con las hojas se elaboran tamales nejos (48.6%) y con la semilla chocolate (7.1%). El número de árboles dispersos en las praderas y en las cercas vivas fue de 218 y 224, respectivamente. La correlación fue positiva entre el peso (0.657 g) y el diámetro (0.667 cm) del fruto con el número de semillas (P < 0.0001). C. alata es un árbol que aporta múltiples beneficios en las UP, sobresaliendo su uso en la herbolaria y en la alimentación de humanos y animales, por lo que es necesario promover su conservación y siembra.

The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional composition of Acacia farnesiana, Acacia macilenta and Acacia cochliacantha fruits and determine the intake (FI) the relative palatability index (PI) and its correlation with the nutritional composition of fruit in sheep and goats. Sixteen females of sheep and goats were used: eight sheep (F1 Dorper X Pelibuey body weight 18.5 ± 1.5 kg) and eight Creole goats (body weight 20.6 ± 1.8 kg). Animals were housed in individual pens (1.0 X 1.20 m) and fed on fruits (ad libitum) of the three acacias and corn stover (CS) for 24 hours during 15 days of experiment. Neutral and acid detergent fiber content, total phenols (TP) and condensed tannins (CT) were different (P < 0.01) between the fruits species. Fruits of A. farnesiana and A. cochliacantha had the highest (P < 0.01) intake by goats, and sheep consumed more fruits of A. cochliacantha. On average, the FI was increased in goats (P < 0.05), but the IP was increased in sheep (P < 0.01). The FI and IP were positively correlated with protein content (P < 0.01) and TP (P < 0.05) and negatively with the content of acid and neutral detergents fibers (P < 0.01). It could be concluded that the fruits of A. cochliacantha and A. farnesiana have more nutritional value for sheep and goats because of their lower content of neutral and acid detergent fiber and highest palatability index observed.

El objetivo fue determinar la composición nutricional de los frutos de Acacia farnesiana, Acacia macilenta y Acacia cochliacantha y medir en las cabras y las ovejas el consumo de frutos (CF), el índice de palatabilidad relativo (IP) y su correlación con la composición nutricional de los frutos. Se utilizaron 16 hembras: 8 ovejas F1 Dorper X Pelibuey de 18,5 ± 1,5 kg de peso vivo y 8 cabras Criollas de 20,6 ± 1,8 kg de peso vivo. Los animales fueron alojados en corrales individuales (1,0 x 1,20 m) y se les ofreció a libre acceso los frutos de las tres acacias y rastrojo de maíz (RM) al mismo tiempo las 24 horas durante 15 días. El contenido de fibras detergentes ácida y neutra (P < 0,01), fenoles totales (FT) y taninos condensados (TC) (P < 0,01) fue diferente entre los frutos. Los frutos de A. farnesiana y A. cochliacantha fueron los más consumidos por las cabras (P < 0,01), y las ovejas consumieron más frutos de A. cochliacantha. En promedio el CF fue mayor en las cabras (P < 0,05), pero el IP fue mayor en las ovejas (P < 0,01). El CF y el IP tuvieron correlación positiva con el contenido de proteína (P < 0,01) y FT (P < 0,05) y negativa con el contenido de fibras detergentes ácida y neutra (P < 0,01). Se concluye que los frutos de A. farnesiana y A. cochliacantha tienen más valor alimenticio para ovejas y cabras por el menor contenido de fibras detergentes neutro y ácido y el mayor índice de palatabilidad observado.

The aim of the present study was to select phage clones from a combinatorial library of filamentous phage that mimic the N protein of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRS) using a monoclonal antibody (SDOW17). An combinatorial library of random peptide 7-mer cysteine-constrained fused to a minor coat protein (pIII) of the M13 phage was used. To determine the effect of enrichment after each round of selection, the eluted phage were titrated, bacteriophages increased from 4,8 x 10³ plaque-forming units (pfu) in the first round to 3,2 x 10(5) pfu in the third round. After three rounds of panning 32 phage clones were randomly picked, each individual clone was amplified, purified and titred. The binding reactivity of phage clones with anti-PRRS antibodies was determined using a phage ELISA. Alignments of the selected clones with the published sequences of the N protein of PRRS virus were located at the amino terminal region and middle portion of the protein. The consensus amino acid residues of the 32 mimotopes sequenced was NYRYQ. Mimotope sequences were used to calculate the epitopes of the nucleocapsid protein by the web tool of Peptiope server with PepSurf algorithm. Two conformational epitopes against monoclonal antibody anti-protein N were identified, located in a different position and appeared mainly as an a-helix. The selected mimotopes and conformational epitopes could be regarded as informative for diagnosis of disease.

El objetivo del estudio fue seleccionar de una biblioteca combinatoria de fagos filamentosos clonas que mimeticen la proteína N del virus del Síndrome Respiratorio y Reproductivo Porcino (PRRS) utilizando un anticuerpo monoclonal (SDOW17). Se utilizó una biblioteca combinatoria de fagos filamentosos (M13) que expone aleatoriamente péptidos de 7 aminoácidos en la región N-terminal fusionado con la proteína III. Para determinar el efecto del enriquecimiento después de cada ronda de selección, los fagos eluidos fueron titulados; estos se incrementaron de 4,8 x 10³ unidades formadoras de colonias (ufc) en la primera ronda a 3,2 x 10(5) ufc en la tercera. Después de tres rondas de selección, 32 clonas fueron picadas al azar, cada clona individual fue amplificada, purificada y titulada. La reactividad de la unión de las clonas a los anticuerpos anti-PRRS fue determinado utilizando un ELISA de fagos. El alineamiento de las clonas secuenciadas con la obtenida del GenBank, ubican a estas en la región aminoterminal y porción media de la proteína N del vPRRS. La secuencia consenso de las 32 clonas seleccionadas fue NYRYQ. Las secuencias de los mimotopos fueron utilizadas para calcular los epitopos de la proteína N, mediante la herramienta bioinformática del servidor Peptiope con el algoritmo PepSurf. Dos epitopos conformacionales contra el anticuerpo monoclonal antiproteína N fueron identificados, localizados en diferentes posiciones y presentados principalmente como hélices a. Los mimotopos seleccionados y epitopos conformacionales podrían ser considerados informativos para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad.

Protection, liver function and humoral immune response were assessed in sheep vaccinated with mimotopes of cathepsin L1 and/or L2 and challenged with Fasciola hepatica metacercariae. Twenty sheep were randomly allocated in four groups of five animals each, for immunization with 1 x 10(14) phage particles of cathepsin L1 (YVYRWVEAECVA), cathepsin L2 (YVYEGRSRVRRP), cathepsin L1/L2 (YVYRWVEAECVA and YVYEGRSRVRRP) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS, control group), without adjuvant at weeks 0 and 2. All groups were challenged with 300 metacercariae at week 6 and slaughtered at week 22. Sheep vaccinated with cathepsin L1 mimotopes had a reduction in fluke burden of 50.11% when compared to control group, whereas animals vaccinated with cathepsin L2 and L1/L2 the reduction was 35.82% and 13.85% respectively. This difference was not significant. Animals receiving cathepsin L2 and L1/L2 showed a significant reduction in eggs output. The sheep vaccinated with phage clones produced significantly higher titres of IgG antibodies than the sheep in the control group. No significant differences in serum glucose, levels of GLDH and GGT were observed between the control group and the vaccinated sheep

Protección, función hepática y respuesta immune humoral fueron evaluadas en ovinos vacunados con mimotopos de catepsina L1 y/o L2 y desafiados con metacercarias de Fasciola hepatica. Veinte ovinos fueron asignados al azar en cuatro grupos de cinco animales cada uno, para ser inmunizados con 1 x 10(14) partículas de fagos de catepsina L1 (YVYRWVEAECVA), catepsina L2 (YVYEGRSRVRRP), catepsina L1/L2 (YVYRWVEAECVA y YVYEGRSRVRRP) y amortiguador de fosfato salino (PBS, grupo control), sin adyuvante en las semanas 0 y 2. Todos los grupos fueron desafiados con 300 metacercarias en la semana 6 y sacrificados en la semana 22. La vacunación de ovinos con mimotopos de catepsina L1, indujo una reducción de la carga parasitaria de 50,11% en comparación con el grupo control, mientras que los animales vacunados con catepsina L2 y L1/L2 fue de 35,82% y 13,85% respectivamente; esta diferencia no fue significativa. Los animales que recibieron catepsina L2 y L1/L2 mostraron una reducción significativa en la producción de huevos. Los ovinos vacunados con clonas de fagos producen títulos de anticuerpos IgG significativamente más altos que el grupo control. No hubo diferencias significativas en glucosa sérica, niveles de GLDH y GGT entre el grupo control y ovinos vacunados.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three different vaccination protocols (sows, piglets and sows and piglets) on average daily weight gain and mortality rate in piglets from farrow to finish farm with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). During the period after vaccination (weeks 3-22) the piglets, sows and piglets, exhibited significantly improved average daily weight gain and significantly reduced mortality rate. Compared with the control group, sows and piglets vaccinated against PCV2 had a significantly higher average daily gain and significantly lower mortality rate for the study period (weeks 1-22). It is concluded that vaccination against PCV2 was effective at improving growth performance and reducing mortality rate in a herd infected with PCV2.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la eficiencia de tres protocolos de vacunación (cerdas, lechones o cerdas y lechones), sobre la media de la ganancia diaria de peso y porcentaje de mortalidad en lechones desde el parto hasta la finalización, en una granja con Síndrome Multisistémico de Desmedro Postdestete (PMWS). Durante el periodo posterior a la vacunación (semana 3-22) de lechones, cerdas y lechones, éstos mostraron un aumento significativo en la media de la ganancia diaria de peso y una reducción significativa en el porcentaje de mortalidad. Las cerdas y lechones vacunados contra PCV2 para el periodo de estudio (semana 1-22), tuvieron un aumento significativo en la ganancia diaria de peso y una reducción significativa en el porcentaje de mortalidad cuando se les comparó con el grupo control. Estos datos demuestran que la vacunación contra PCV2 fue efectiva en mejorar el crecimiento y reducir el porcentaje de mortalidad en una piara infectada con PCV2.